Understanding autistic sensory sensitivities

Sensory sensitivities are a common characteristic of autism, but they vary from person to person, and what works for one individual might not work for another.

Ongoing assessment and adaptation are key to effectively supporting autistic adults in managing their sensory experiences.

The senses

Similar to autistic children, autistic adults may exhibit heightened or diminished responses to sensory stimuli. The five primary senses—touch, taste, sound, sight, and smell—are often areas where sensory sensitivities are demonstrated.

Touch

Many autistic adults may find certain textures unbearable. For example, the feeling of specific fabrics can be extremely uncomfortable, leading to a preference for particular types of clothing. While some adults may seek sensory input, enjoying deep pressure or firm hugs can provide a sense of calm and grounding.

Taste

Food preferences can be very specific among autistic adults. Some may avoid certain textures or tastes, leading to a limited diet. Others might seek out specific types of food that provide a particular sensory experience, such as crunchy or spicy foods.

Sound

Noise sensitivity is common, with some individuals finding everyday sounds overwhelming. This can lead to the use of noise-cancelling headphones or seeking quieter environments. Some autistic adults may seek out loud or repetitive sounds as a form of sensory stimulation.

Sight

Visual sensitivities can include discomfort with bright lights or certain colour combinations. Some autistic adults might avoid places with fluorescent lighting or wear sunglasses indoors. Others might find visual stimulation in patterns, reflections, or flickering lights.

Smell

Sensitivity to smells can be intense, causing discomfort or even nausea. Autistic adults might avoid certain environments or products due to strong odours. While some might seek out specific scents that they find comforting.

In addition to the five primary senses, autistic adults may also experience sensitivities related to vestibular and proprioceptive senses.

Vestibular sense

This sense involves balance and spatial orientation. Some autistic adults might avoid activities that involve significant movement due to dizziness or discomfort, while others might seek out intense vestibular input through activities like swinging or spinning.

Proprioceptive sense

Proprioception refers to the awareness of body position and movement. Autistic adults might struggle with tasks requiring fine motor skills or enjoy activities that provide strong proprioceptive input, such as weightlifting or deep-pressure activities.

Different sensory sensitivities come in different forms and can affect how someone experiences the world around them. One type is hyper-sensitivity, where even small amounts of sensory input, like a bright light or a soft touch, can feel too intense and overwhelming. Another type is hypo-sensitivity, where someone doesn’t react much to sensory input, so they might need stronger or more intense stimuli to get the same reaction as others, like turning up the volume on a radio to hear it properly. There are also mixed sensitivities, where a person can have both hyper and hypo-sensitivity. This means they might be very sensitive to sounds but not very sensitive to touch, or their sensitivity levels might change daily. This variety in sensory sensitivities shows that everyone’s sensory experiences are unique and can change in different situations.

Impact on daily life

Sensory sensitivities can significantly affect behaviour and daily functioning. For example, an autistic adult might avoid crowded places due to overwhelming sensory input or appear restless because they seek sensory stimulation. 

Sensory overload can lead to meltdowns or shutdowns, where the individual may become non-verbal or mute, seek isolation, or exhibit intense emotional responses. Recognising the triggers is important for managing and preventing their impact.

Too much sensory input can lead to meltdowns where someone might lose control or just shut down and withdraw. This is when a person's brain and body get overloaded and can't process everything at once. Some people actively seek sensory experiences because their sensory systems need more input to feel balanced. This might mean they touch things, make loud noises, or move around a lot. While it helps them feel better, it can sometimes be disruptive or even a bit unsafe if they’re not careful. It’s all about finding the right balance in a world that often feels too much or too little.

Sensory sensitivities can make social interactions challenging. An autistic adult might avoid social gatherings due to noise or strong smells, which can be misinterpreted as antisocial behaviour. Creating sensory-friendly environments can help autistic individuals feel more comfortable and included.

Workplaces can be challenging for people with sensory sensitivities. Noise, lighting, and even the texture of office furniture can be sources of discomfort. Employers can support autistic employees by providing accommodations such as noise-cancelling headphones, flexible lighting options, and quiet spaces.

Supporting autistic adults with sensory issues

While sensory processing differences cannot be eliminated, developing coping strategies that prevent the distress associated with these differences is possible. Here are some ways to support autistic adults with sensory issues:

Creating a sensory-friendly environment

• Controlled lighting: Use adjustable lighting options to accommodate different sensitivities to light. Natural light can be soothing, but it's important to have options for dimming or filtering light when needed.
• Noise management: Provide noise-cancelling headphones or create quiet zones to help manage auditory sensitivities. Soft background music or white noise can also be beneficial for some individuals.
• Textural comfort: Make sure clothing and furnishings are made from comfortable materials that do not irritate the skin. Offering a variety of textures can help individuals find what feels best for them.
• Aroma control: Use unscented or mildly scented products to avoid overwhelming those with smell sensitivities. Essential oils or air purifiers can help manage environmental smells.

Developing coping strategies

• Routine and predictability: Establishing a consistent routine can help reduce sensory-related stress. Knowing what to expect can make sensory experiences more manageable.
• Sensory breaks: Allow for regular breaks where individuals can retreat to a calm, safe space to decompress from sensory overload.
• Sensory tools: To help individuals self-regulate, use tools such as fidget toys, weighted blankets, or sensory chewable or chewing gum.
• Mindfulness and relaxation: Techniques like deep breathing, meditation, or muscle relaxation can help manage sensory-related anxiety.

Communicating effectively

• Clear and concise instructions: Communicate information using clear, straightforward language. Visual aids, assistive technology or written instructions can also be helpful.
• Active listening: Pay attention to non-verbal cues and respect the individual’s need for sensory adjustments.
• Patient and supportive interaction: Approach communication with patience and understanding. Avoid pressuring the individual to respond immediately if they are experiencing sensory overload.

Personalised support plans

• Sensory profiles: Develop a sensory profile for each individual, identifying their specific sensitivities and preferred coping tools and strategies.
• Collaborative approach: Involve the individual in creating their support plan. Respect their preferences and input about their sensory needs.
• Professional guidance: Seek advice from occupational therapists or psychologists to develop effective strategies tailored to the individual’s needs.

Professional support for sensory issues

Many professionals, including occupational therapists, psychologists and speech therapists, can provide valuable support and intervention for autistic adults experiencing sensory issues.

Occupational therapists

Occupational therapists (OTs) are important in assessing and addressing sensory processing difficulties. They can:

• Conduct sensory assessments: OTs can perform thorough assessments to identify specific sensory sensitivities and challenges.
• Develop sensory diets: A sensory diet is a personalised activity plan that provides the sensory input an individual needs to stay focused and organised throughout the day.
• Implement therapies and interventions: OTs can guide individuals through various therapeutic activities to improve sensory processing and regulation.
• Provide training and support: OTs offer training for individuals, families, and carers on how to implement sensory strategies effectively.
• Design personalised sensory programs: These programs use specific activities to help the brain respond more effectively to sensory input.
• Conduct sensory therapy: This hands-on therapy involves activities that challenge and stimulate the senses in a structured way.
• Provide home and community recommendations: Specialists can suggest modifications and strategies for various environments, including home, work, and public spaces.

Psychologists

Psychologists can offer support by addressing sensory issues' emotional and behavioural aspects.

1. Cognitive-Behavioural Therapy (CBT): CBT can help individuals develop coping strategies and manage anxiety related to sensory sensitivities.
2. Stress management techniques: Psychologists can teach relaxation techniques and mindfulness practices to help individuals manage sensory overload.
3. Counselling and support: Providing a safe space for individuals to discuss their sensory experiences and challenges.

Examples of support

At home

• Designated sensory spaces: Create a designated area in the home where the individual can relax and manage sensory input. This space should be equipped with their preferred sensory tools and comforts.
• Flexible schedules: Allow for flexibility in daily schedules to accommodate sensory needs. This might mean planning activities during times when sensory sensitivity is lower.

In the workplace

• Sensory-friendly workspaces: Modify workspaces to minimise sensory distractions. This might include private offices, noise-reducing partitions, or flexible seating options.
• Break time adjustments: Provide additional or extended breaks to allow individuals to manage sensory overload.
• Sensory awareness training: Educate coworkers and supervisors about sensory processing differences to foster a more inclusive and supportive work environment.